Sejarah dan Perkembangan Virus Komputer: dari Malware Awal hingga Ransomware

Abstract

This study aims to trace the history and development of computer viruses from early malware to contemporary ransomware. Through a qualitative literature review, data were collected from secondary sources such as academic documents, cybersecurity reports, and historical technology archives. The findings indicate that malware evolution can be categorized into four main phases: (1) theoretical concepts in the 1940s–1970s, (2) the emergence of the first viruses in the 1980s (e.g., Brain Virus and Elk Cloner), (3) expansion via the internet in the 1990s–2000s (e.g., Melissa, ILOVEYOU), and (4) the dominance of ransomware since the 2010s (e.g., WannaCry, NotPetya). The analysis reveals that this evolution was driven by technological advancements such as global networking, complex operating systems, and economic and political motives. Modern ransomware leverages cryptographic encryption and digital payments to target victims, significantly impacting critical infrastructure. The discussion highlights the need for adaptive AI-based security systems, increased user awareness, and international collaboration in cybersecurity regulations. This study concludes that a deep understanding of malware evolution is a crucial foundation for anticipating future threats such as AI-driven attacks and IoT exploitation. The findings recommend integrating both technical and non-technical approaches in cybersecurity mitigation strategies.